Recently, we developed a facile strategy for multifunctional platform designed by amphiphilic silane modification with ultrathin thickness (1 nm) at room temperature (RT) 30. Therefore, the multifunctional nanoplatform needs to be more biocompatible with small size 29 and “smart” enough to overcome the biological barriers caused by larger size. The great conflict between the size and multifunction of the composite becomes the major concern on the integration of various clinically relevant imaging functionality and therapeutic property. However, besides the size problem (normally large size), this kind of composite always lacks the imaging function.Ĭomplexity of fabrication also remains on many multifunctional nanoparticles since the poor biocompatibility always follows the nanoplatforms preparation. They are more approached to clinical trials for the treatment of human cancers due to the excellent biocompatibility. Another example is about the “soft” organic nanoparticles, such as paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded polymeric micelles 27, 28, 29. Though the promising functions can be obtained, the size of the composites increases greatly, which may cause the limitations on the broad clinical application because of concerns about their long-term safety and poor targeting properties in vivo, since the nanoparticles with larger size can be cleared rapidly by liver and spleen 26. ![]() For instance, mesoporous silica can be integrated with gold nanorods 20, 21, 22 or upconversion NCs 23, 24, 25 to display therapeutic effects and imaging functions. However, each type of nanoparticles also displays distinct limitations. Co-assembly of several inorganic or organic-based nanoparticles (NPs) has been proposed to integrate various functions 18, 19. Although conceptually impressive, these researches are still at an early stage. This promising approach of co-assembly of multifunctional agents attracts great attentions which is dedicated to constructing multifunctional platforms including iron oxide 4, 5, gold 6, 7, 8, lanthanide nanocrystals 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 (NCs) and polymers 14, 15, 16, 17. ![]() In recent years, integration of multimodal treatment strategies has greatly enhanced anticancer efficacy and optimized therapy due to the synergistic or combined effects 1, 2, 3.
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